DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.3336 ISSN: 2168-6165

Global Patterns of Cross-Border Travel for Retinoblastoma Care

, Eran Levanon, Omayma Abdulazeem Abbass, Elhassan Abdallah, Nadia Abdulazeez Abdulateef, Essam Ahmed Abdullah, Shehu Umar Abdullahi, Rula Ahmed Abdulqader, Aminatu A Abdulrahman, Bezawit Tadegagne Abera, Helga Inez Abrahamse-Pillay, Marta Jaime Abudo, Babiker Haga Abushara, Olufemi Adefehinti, Olubusayo O Adejumo, Dupe S. Ademola-Popoola, Adedayo Adio, Armin R. Afshar, Wolela Mulatu Aga, Priyanka Aggarwal, Ada Ejealor Aghaji, Alia Ahmad, Mururul Aisyi, Adeseye M Akinsete, Yasir Saadoon Abed Al Agele, Saleh A. Al Mesfer, Mouroge Hashim Al Ani, Carolina Alarcon, Sandra Alarcon, Safaa A. Faraj Al-Badri, Ana Patricia Angeles Alcasabas, Saad A. Al-Dahmash, Fithria Aldy, Amanda Alejos, Helen Aidelekoehi Alen, Amadou Issifou Alfa Bio, Yvania Alfonso Carreras, Christiane Al-Haddad, Khitam Fakhir Alhasani, Hamoud Hodeish Yahya Al-Hussaini, Zulfiqar Ali Rana, Mazin Faisal Al-Jadiry, Usama Al-Jumaily, Hind Manaa Alkatan, Argentino Albino Almeida, Zinah Abdulhameed Alsaif, Khalifa Mohamed Alsawidi, Athar Abdul Samad Majeed Al-Shaheen, Entissar Hadi Al-Shammary, Sumaira Altaf, Saleh Yahya Altheeb, Doreen Amankwaa-Frempong, Primawita Oktarima Amiruddin, Miriam-Benigna Chika Amobi, Faizana Amodo, Abdou Amza, Yessica Gamboa, David Arturo Ancona-Lezama, Mia Ratwita, Corinna Doris Andreae, Heidi Elizabeth Andrews, Akunne Ijeoma Apakama, Mattan Arazi, Prena Arjyal Kafle, Nomo Arlette Francine, Inggar Armytasari, Wilhemina Ashishkumar Asari, Nicholas John Astbury, Hatice Tuba Atalay, Eda Ataseven, La-ongsri Atchaneeyasakul, Alua Aubakirova, Rudolf Autrata, Felipe Baccega, Thierno Madjou Bah, Sameer Bakhshi, Julia Balaguer, Ruhengiz Balayeva, Shiama Indu Balendra, Rolika Bansal, Nathan Rahamim Bar Ilan, Honorio Barranco-González, Aissata Barry, Paulina Bartoszek, Covadonga Bascaran, Mairi Kate Bassingthwaighte, Bashar Bata, Alona Baum, Wendy Diana Bautista Guzman, Ahmed Metwally Bayh, Alan M Beard, Elie Bechara, Nikolaos E Bechrakis, Kerri D Becktell, Ainura Suranovna Begimkulova, Tadele Hailu, Raquel Benavides, Franco Benvenuto, Rokia Coulibaly Berete, Jesse L Berry, Pius Kamsang, Anirban Bhaduri, Viral M Bhanvadia, Sunil Bhat, Kastury Bhattacharjee, Arpita Bhattacharyya, Eva Maria Biewald, Elaine Binkley, Arlene Onetta Bobb-Semple, Nadia Bobrova, Brenda Bohnsack, Maria Teresa Brizzi Chizzotti Bonanomi, Alyssa Bonnell, Gilbert Batieka Bonsaana, Vanessa Bosch-Canto, Gabriela Romeiro da Cruz Botelho, Gabrielle Chantal Bouda, Hédi Bouguila, Chris Bowen, Richard Bowman, Ines Brecht, Rachel Christine Brennan, Bénédicte Geneviève Brichard, Brandon Brown, Brianne Brown, Vladimir Vsevolodovich Brzheskiy, Jassada Buaboonnam, Aléine Budiongo, Matthew J Burton, Betty Alicia Cabrera Marcelo, Doris Anjelica Calle Jara, Jennifer Camargo Gonzales, Jayne E. Camuglia, Miriam Rafaela Cano, Olivia Carolina Cardozo, Shani Caspi, Nathalie Cassoux, Guilherme Castela, Mariela Castiglioni, Luis Castillo, Jaume Català-Mora, Guillermo Luis Chantada, Shabana Chaudhry, Bhavna Chawla, Amel Chebbi, Wensi Chen, Faraja Simon Chiwanga, Yu Bai Chou, Tsengelmaa Chuluunbat, Krzysztof Cieślik, Stacie Cindea, Antony Clark, Ian Clark, Claudia Coll, Codruta Comsa, Kamalina Coopasamy, Zelia Maria Correa, Line Couitchere, Kristin Elizabeth Cowen-Lyn, Bruce Crooks, Monika Csóka, Kumale Tolesa Daba, Ghizlane Daghouj, Daiane Memória Ribeiro Ferreira Daiane, Camila Maia Martin Daiggi, Lauren A Dalvin, Wantanee Dangboon, Małgorzata Danowska, Abhishek Das, Kalpita Das, Sima Das, Dipankar Das, Benjamin Daur, Alan Davidson, Sonia De Francesco, Patrick De Potter, Hakan Demirci, Anne Merrylees Dersch, Laurence Desjardins, Swati V Devanhalli, Maura Di Nicola, Jean Wenceslas Diallo, Rosdali Yesenia Diaz Coronado, Cheryl Lyn Diez, Helen Dimaras, Mae Dolendo, Carla Renata Donato Macedo, Monica Desiree Dragomir, Yi Du, Magritha Du Bruyn, Johannes Petrus Du Plessis, Liezl du Plessis, Amber Dubey, Pham Dung, Chigozie Ifeoma Echieh, Katrin Eerme, Mardijas Efendi Efendi, Maya Eiger-Moscovich, Asmaa El Kettani, Amal Mohamed Elbahi, James Edward Elder, Alaa M Elhaddad, Rodrigue Romuald Elien Gagnan Yan Zaou Tou, Khalid Emara, Sidnei Epelman, Gabriela Escamilla-Asiain, Vera Adobea Essuman, Ted Grimbert Afetane Evina, Ugochukwu Anthony Eze, Edak Ezeanosike, Ifeoma R Ezegwui, Zehra Fadoo, Mohammad Fahim ur Rehman, Rafaela Queiroz Caixeta Faraj, Omar Fareed, Marwan Hasan Thabit Farhan, Oluyemi Fasina, Ana Fernández-Teijeiro, Maria Fili, Lydia Kahgomia Fokunang epse Njikam, Nelly Guylene Fopoussi, Allen Foster, Fousseyni Traoré, Shahar Frenkel, Debra Friedman, Ligia D. Fu, Soad Linneth Fuentes-Alabi, Borasisi Chenge Gabrielle, Moira Gandiwa, Suganeswari Ganesan, Gloria Evelyn García Silverio, Ximena García Vicera, Juan Luis Garcia, Dina Garniasih, Sail Hussein Gedi, Jennifer A. Geel, Abeba Tesfay Gessesse, Ana Veronica Girón, Marco Antonio Goenz, Venkata Rama Mohan Gollamudi, Nir Gomel, Ricardo Gomez Martínez, Efren Gonzalez, Graciela Gonzalez Perez, Maria Elena González-Alviar, Liudmira González-Rodríguez, Pernille Axél Gregersen, Nathalia de Almeida Kuyven Grigorovski, Koffi Mawuse Guedenon, Zareth Alejandra Guillen Rondon, Nazli Gul, D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Stefanus Gunawan, Ahmet K. Gündüz, Qihan Guo, Himika Gupta, Sanjiv Gupta, Vineeta Gupta, Zeynep Gursel, Theodora Hadjistilianou, Ulrike Hagemann, Katie M Haider, Patrick Hamel, Norhafizah Hamzah, Eric Daniel Hansen, Harba Tyau-Tyau, J William Harbour, Lloyd Cecil Mitchel Harrison-Williams, Sadiq Hassan, Hiroyoshi Hattori, Wojciech Hautz, Huda Awni Haydar, Stanislava Hederova, Laila Hessissen, Lyng Høgild, Santosh G Honavar, Diriba Fufa Hordofa, Julieta Hoveyan, G. Baker Hubbard, Marlies Hummlen, Mahvish Hussain, Abba Hydara, Affiong Andem Ibanga, Russo Ida, Vesna R. Ilic, Uzma Imam, Ziyavuddin Islamov, Amirah Zatil Izzah, Rachna Sanket Jain, Irfan Jeeva, Helen Jenkinson, Skov Jensen, Xunda Ji, Jianping Zhang, Jibia Gaelle, Zibing Jin, Dong Hyun Jo, Michael M. Jones, Theophile Barhwamire Amani Kabesha, Joy Wanjiru Kabiry, Rolande Kabore, Swathi Kaliki, Lannes Kamara, Elvis Kamdem, Anne Njeri Kamere, Mehmet Kantar, Tamar Kardava, Angga Kartiwa, Satoru Kase, Seema Kashyap, Mandefro Sintayehu, Alemnew Demissie Kassahun, Petros Kayange, Rejin Kebudi, Jonny Keomisy, Tomas Kepak, Petra Ketteler, Aye Aye Khaing, Hussain Ahmed Khaqan, Khauv Phara, Vikas Khetan, Vincentia Lafeyoh Kifem, Jeong Hun Kim, Kahaki Kimani, Miriam Kimpo, Martial Vidjinnagni Kindjinou, Samuel Kipchumba, Hayyam Kiratli, S. Aimée Kissou, Tero T. Kivelä, Maya Klaff Dahl, Artur Klett, Irem Koc, Fredrick Korir, Jess Elio Kosh Komba Palet, Barbora Kostolna, Sandrine N'guessan Kouakou, Dalia Krivaitiene, Mariana Kruger, Toshinobu Kubota, Mayasari Wahyu Kuntorini, Patience Kuona, Purna Kurkure, Fatima Kyari, Geoffrey C. Lam, Robert Kimputai Langat, Kelly D. Laurenti, Alenka Lavric Groznik, Lawal Ismail, Cairui Li, Kaijun Li, Nicole D Liberio, Kamalpreet Likhari, Li-Anne S. Lim, Natalia Lisiţa, Chun-Hsiu Liu, Wenhui Liu, Juan P. López, Robert Mbuli Lukamba, Sandra Luna-Fineman, Rebecca Claire Lusobya, Yael Lustig-Barzelay, Delfitri Lutfi, Lesia Lysytsia, Jianmin Ma, Andi Pratiwi, Marcelo Krieger Maestri, Betty Ndakissa Maganga, Julia Rosalina C. Magno, Amita Mahajan, Aichatou Mahamadou, Aditya Maitray, Esther Majaliwa, Erika Maka, Aksana Makarevich, Makhmudova Lola, Emil Kojoshovich Makimbetov, Alda Stevy Makouanzi, Azza M.Y Maktabi, Sarah Naveed Malik, Ashwin Mallipatna, Magdalene Mangot, Arpita Maniar, Lyazat Manzhuova, Wulandewi Marhaeni, Brian P. Marr, Alison A. Martin, Vongai Mashoko, Sidra Masud, Miguel Materin, Rema E.J. Mathew, Elmarie Mathews, Clarissa Campolina de Sa Mattosinho, Marchelo Matua, John McKenzie, Rachna Meel, Aemero Abateneh Mengesha, Vikas Menon, Gary John V Mercado, Evarista Mgaya, Djimta Michael, Edoardo Midena, Michael Mikhail, Audra Miller, Esther Sanga Misanjo, Divyansh Kailash Chandra Mishra, Mihir Mishra, Yonas Mitku, Shilpa Taneja Mittal, Takako Miyamura, Furahini Godfrey Mndeme, Ahmed Kamal, Mona Tayseer Mohammad, Zardasht Bakr Mohammed, Aseel Rashid Abed Mohammed Ali, Annette C Moll, Kehinde Fasasi Monsudi, Margarita Marvice Montero, Takeshi Morimoto, Lizette Lillene Mowatt, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Barnabas Gadi Mshangila, Mchikirwa Senzote Msina, Gerald Msukwa, Sangeeta Sanjay Mudaliar, Bert Mueller, Rilwan Chiroma Muhammad, Nasiru Muhammad, Justin Mulindwa, Ichengelo Muma, Assane Polidio Vasco Mundulai, Timothy G. Murray, Kareem Olatunbosun Musa, Asma Mushtaq, Anne Ampaire Musika, Hamzah Mustak, Jalika Mustapha, Tajudeen Mustapha, Loise Njoki Mwangi, Pius Mwanja, Gita Naidu, Akshay Gopinathan Nair, Masood Naseripour, Larisa Naumenko, Joseph MM Ndiaye, Guy Simon Negretti, Yetty Movieta Nency, Vladimir Neroev, Vhutshilo Netshituni, Duong minh Nguyet, Thokozani Ngwane, Tanzeela Farah, Sachiko Nishina, Cristina Elena Nițulescu, Jean Claude Niyonzima, Lucy Njambi, Festus Muigi Njuguna, Elizabeth Dennis Nkanga, Henry Nkumbe, Piet Noë, Agus Fitrian Noor, Adam Nouhou Diori, Marcel Ngoy Numbi, Kalle Nummi, Massiel Delgadillo Nuñez, Nkiru Nwachukwu, Mutale Nyaywa, Chinsisi Nyirenda, Irene Mbinya Nzamu, Dziffa-Bella Imelda-Odille Ofori-Adjei, Okwen Marvice Muyen, Onoja Peter Okwori, Scott C.N. Oliver, Nadya Mustafa Omar, Anthony Christopher Go Ortiz, Daniel Ortiz Morales, Alexander H. Oscar, Diego Ossandon, Ihab Saad Othman, Tommaso Padula, Halimah Pagarra, Vivian Paintsil, Luisa Paiva, Mahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu, Maristela Amaral Palazzi, Nidhi Pandey, Ruzanna Papyan, Raffaele Parrozzani, Manoj Parulekar, Vrundaben Patel, Nisheeta Patnaik, Shamfa Ayanna Monifa Peart, Niranjan K Pehere, Jesús Peralta Calvo, Sanja Perić, Alyssa Ann Pfister, Chau Thi Minh Pham, Remezo Philbert, Zipporah Chosa Phiri, David A. Plager, Pavel Pochop, Rodrigo A. Polania, Vladimir Polyakov, Jimena Ponce, Jesus Gerardo Ponce Cruz, Sara Mercedes Pozzi, Rogatianus Bagus Pratignyo, Joana Providência, Aditi Pujari Watve, Jiang Qian, BoonLong Quah, Karina Quintero D, Lorena Quiroga, Marliyanti Nur Rahmah Akib, Ardizal Rahman, Purnima Rajkarnikar Sthapit, Usha Kim, Aparna Ramasubramanian, Xochitl Aurora Ramirez Urenda, Marco A. Ramirez-Ortiz, Alice Venyir Ramyil, Hoby Lalaina Randrianarisoa, Abhijit Suresh Rasal, Riffat Rashid, Dejan Rasic, Kershinee Reddy, M. Ashwin Reddy, Maristella Bergamo Reis, Altyn Samatovna Rejepova, Lorna A Renner, Madlen Reschke, David Reynders, Margaret Mary Reynolds, Zahratul Riadho, Dahiru Ribadu, Nadirah Rasyid Ridha, Pukhraj Rishi, Petra Ritter-Sovinz, David L. Rogers, James D Rogers, Anna Rogowska, Duangnate Rojanaporn, Fernando Rojas, Livia Romero, Paule Aïda Ndoye Roth, Biance Rowe, Soma Rani Roy, Svetlana Saakyan, Ahmed Hatem Sabhan, Natalia Nikolaevna Sadovnikova, Mandeep S. Sagoo, Adamou Boubacar Sahadatou, Azza Mohamed Ahmed Said, Rohit Saiju, Beatriz Salas, Sonsoles San Román Pacheco, Gissela Lucia Sánchez, George Sanchez, Lara Sandri, Dian Puspita Sari, Trish Ann Scanlan, Paula Schaiquevich, Nathan Scott, Nadia Secchieri Rocha, Teboho Seobi, Claudia Sepulveda, Rachna Seth, Ankoor Siddharth Shah, Parag K Shah, Shawkat Ara Shakoor, Anil Sharma, Manoj Kumar Sharma, Sadik Taju Sherief, Carol L. Shields, Isra Sid Ahmed, Sidi Sidi cheikh, Sónia Silva, Margarida Simao, Judith Simon, Londe Simuchimba, Arun D. Singh, Usha Singh, Penny Singha, Manali Singhal, Olga Rasiyanti Siregar, Bongi Sithole, Rita S. Sitorus, Hikari Ambara Sjakti, Alison H. Skalet, Balgis Desy Soelistyowati, Sameh E Soliman, Tetyana Sorochynska, Hansell Jose Soto, Andrew Wesley Stacey, Sandra Elfride Staffieri, Christina Stathopoulos, David M Steinberg, Bernhard Steiner, Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez, Shailendra Sugrim, Lady Pranodia Sukmawidowati, Sadia Sultana, Shuguang Sun, Gangadhara Sundar, Rosanne Superstein, Eddy Supriyadi, Supawan Surukrattanaskul, Anne Susanty, Daniela Süsskind, Shigenobu Suzuki, Karel Svojgr, Fatoumata Sylla, Sameeksha Haripriya Tadepalli, Gevorg Tamamyan, Emmanuel Arrey Tambe, Deborah Tan, Mika Tanabe, Berçin Tarlan, Fanny Fanny Tarrillo Leiva, Bekim Tateshi, Omageline Taveras, Kok Hoi Teh, Luiz Fernando Teixeira, Tomas Teixeira-Pinto, Manca Tekavcic Pompe, Panshak Elisha Tenmang, Honeylen Maryl Tiu Teo, Abdullah Dahan M. Thawaba, Tuyisabe Theophile, Maria Teresa Tormo, Laura Andrea Torrado Cobian, Virgínia L.L. Torres, Devjyoti Tripathy, Katlego Tsimane, Hoàng Anh Tuan, Samuray Tuncer, Ali Bala Umar, Mohira Nurulloevna Umarova, Anne Merry Sevani Umboh, Emel Unal, Ogul Ersin Uner, Santosh Upadhyaya Kafle, Steen Fiil Urbak, Tatiana L. Ushakova, Rustam Usmanov, Purjanto Tepo Utomo, Catherine Joanne Baculi Valconcha-Adraneda, Sandra Valeina, Paola Valente, Cristina Vallejo, Barry van Emmenes, Milo van Hoefen Wijsard, Isac Vasco Da Gama, Lourdes Vega-Vega, Nevyana V. Veleva-Krasteva, Rosa Maria Vera, Nishant Verma, Alayde Vieira, Nguyen Ba Viet, Maris Viksnins, Edwin Genaro Villacís Chafla, Victor M. Villegas, Victoria Vishnevskia-Dai, Patricia Delsat Wade, Amina Hassan Wali, Angeline Liu Wang, Yi-Zhuo Wang, Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay, Jaclyn White, Sony Wicaksono, Basil Williams, Matthew Walls Wilson, Amelia Da Conceição Wime, Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana, Damrong Wiwatwongwana, Emily S. Wong, Phanthipha Wongwai, Sandee Worak Tan, Si-qi Wu, Lely Retno Wulandari, Daoman Xiang, Yishuang Xiao, Kang Xue, Sonal S Chaugule, Jason C. Yam, Huasheng Yang, Xin Ji Yang, Jenny Mungenga Yanga, Vera A. Yarovaya, Andrey A. Yarovoy, Huijing Ye, Lauren Beth Yeager, Roberto Ignacio Yee, Olabisi Olayemi Yeye-Agba, Mulugeta Ayalew Yimer, Yacoub Abdallah Yousef, Joshua Youze, Gina Yu, Ekhtelbenina Zein, Yi Zhang, Junyang Zhao, Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva, Othman Ali Othman Ziko, Marcia Zondervan, Ido Didi Fabian, Eran Levanon, Paulina Bartoszek, Covadonga Bascaran, Bhavna Chawla, Laurence Desjardins, Chigozie Ifeoma Echieh, Nelly Guylene Fopoussi, Juan Luis Garcia, Xunda Ji, Swathi Kaliki, Rejin Kebudi, Petra Ketteler, Kahaki Kimani, Purnima Rajkarnikar Sthapit, Gangadhara Sundar, Shigenobu Suzuki, Luiz Fernando Teixeira, Tuyisabe Theophile, Ido Didi Fabian

This study investigates global patterns of cross-border travel for retinoblastoma care.

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