Geographies and Socio-spatial Ecologies of DRR Practices: A Journey into Participatory GIS

This chapter provides a critical discussion of coastal disaster risk reduction (DRR) through a geographical and socio-ecological lens, highlighting the complex interactions between environment, society, and space. It emphasises that risk in coastal contexts is not solely a product of physical hazards but is socially constructed and unevenly distributed across space. Drawing on political ecology, critical geography, and sustainability studies, the chapter introduces the socio-spatial ecologies framework to analyse how vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities are shaped by power dynamics, land-use practices, ecological change, and access to resources. Case studies illustrate how marginalised coastal communities, including artisanal fishers and informal settlers, are disproportionately exposed to hazards due to structural inequalities and environmental degradation. The chapter further reviews contemporary DRR strategies, encompassing ecosystem-based approaches, participatory governance, and the integration of technological innovations with local knowledge. It identifies persistent challenges, such as institutional fragmentation, exclusionary planning processes, and the unintended consequences of infrastructure-driven interventions. In response, the chapter proposes pathways for transformative DRR, emphasising localised planning, multi-scalar coordination, and justice-oriented frameworks that prioritise the voices of vulnerable populations. Finally, the chapter outlines future directions for both research and practice, advocating for interdisciplinary approaches, climate-resilient livelihoods, and inclusive coastal governance. By situating DRR within broader socio-spatial and environmental dynamics, the chapter offers a nuanced understanding of how to foster equitable and resilient coastal societies amidst increasing climate risks.