Genomic Fundamentals and Applications in Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus): A Review

The Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus), a commercially important freshwater aquaculture species in China and Southeast Asia, has attracted growing scientific interest owing to its natural protogynous hermaphroditism and substantial economic significance. Recent advances in genomics technologies have provided new insights into genetic improvement, disease resistance, and growth optimization in this species. However, a cohesive, up-to-date synthesis of the current genomic research landscape remains lacking. This review systematically summarizes progress in Asian swamp eel genomics: (i) reference genome development; (ii) population-level genetic diversity analysis; (iii) genome annotation and functional gene prediction; and (iv) applications of genomics in selective breeding, disease resistance enhancement, and growth performance optimization. We further evaluate emerging tools and platforms, highlight key technical constraints, and address ethical considerations and regulatory gaps in genome-informed aquaculture practices. Finally, we propose priority research avenues to strengthen the scientific foundation for resilient and sustainable swamp eel aquaculture.