Genipin: A Natural Crosslinker with Emerging Applications in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract:

Genipin, a naturally occurring aglycone derived from geniposide, has gained significant attention due to its unique chemical structure and versatile bioactivities. Extracted primarily from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Genipa americana, genipin exhibits strong crosslinking capabilities, especially with primary amine groups, making it a widely used natural crosslinker in biomaterials science. This review provides a comprehensive overview of genipin’s chemical structure, natural sources, and extraction methodologies, alongside a detailed examination of its crosslinking mechanisms with biomolecules. The article also surveys key patents that highlight innovations in genipin production, modification, and biomedical utilization. Special emphasis is placed on genipin’s emerging applications in cancer therapy, including its roles in drug delivery systems, anticancer scaffolds, and as a bioactive compound with direct cytotoxic effects on tumour cells. Collectively, the review underscores genipin’s promise as a multifunctional agent in the development of cancer therapeutics and bioengineered platforms.