Genetic markers of stress susceptibility: From individual risk — to the differential sensitivity hypothesis. (Systematic review)

Objective. To summarize current findings on genetic markers and multigenic panels associated with stress susceptibility, explore their roles within the differential susceptibility hypothesis, and evaluate the potential for genetic testing in psychosomatic practice. Material and methods. A systematic analysis was conducted of publications from international and Russian databases (PubMed, Scopus, eLIBRARY) spanning 2000 to 2025, focusing on the genetic aspects of stress resistance and the risk of psychosomatic disorders. Results. The analysis included key candidate genes and genetic variants that regulate the stress response, including SLC6A4/5-HTTLPR, BDNF rs6265, COMT rs4680, FKBP5 rs1360780, DRD4 48-bp VNTR, OXTR rs53576/rs2254298, etc. The review discusses their associations with variability in stress response, emotional regulation, and the risk of stress-related mental and psychosomatic disorders. The findings support the concept of differential susceptibility, suggesting that «plastic» genotypes can increase vulnerability in adverse environments while simultaneously enhancing adaptability when social and psychological support is present. Thus, the development of multigenic panels to assess individual risk emerges as a promising avenue. Conclusion. Recognizing genetic predisposition to stress introduces opportunities for personalized prevention and treatment of psychosomatic disorders. Advancing multigenic panels will enhance the effectiveness of risk stratification and facilitate the selection of tailored interventions.