Genetic diversity of prolactin gene in nigerian fulani and yoruba chicken ecotypes

Understanding genetic diversity of functional genes is a prerequisite to improving selection and preserve the indigenous animal breeds, known for adaptive traits and ability to utilize low quality feed. This study evaluated variation in the prolactin (PRL) gene, an essential regulator of reproductive characteristics, in two prominent Nigerian indigenous chicken ecotypes: Fulani and Yoruba. Blood samples were collected from 100 local chicken across six geographical locations in Oyo State, Nigeria. Genomic DNA was isolated for PCR amplification of a 24-bp insertion/deletion in the PRL gene. Allele and genotype frequencies, heterozygosity, fixation indices, and Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were assessed using conventional population genetics methodologies. Two alleles, insertion and deletion (A and B, respectively) and three genotypes (AA, AB, BB) were characterized using bands size on the gel electrophoresis. Although allele frequencies were comparable in both ecotypes, Fulani hens demonstrated more heterozygosity and agreed with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating genetic stability. Yoruba hens exhibited higher inbreeding and divergence from HWE (p<0.05). Genetic distance and differentiation values demonstrated significant similarity between the ecotypes, which is likely resulting from unrestrained mating. These findings show the need for organized breeding programs to preserve genetic integrity and utilize indigenous genetic resources.