Gendered inequalities in health assets within the same urban neighbourhood: a citizen science study

Background

Urban health research must consider community-defined resources. Citizen science-based asset mapping can identify resources that support wellbeing. While health asset mapping and gender differences have been studied separately, evidence comparing how population groups perceive health assets within the same neighbourhood remains limited. This study explores gendered perceptions of health assets among adults ≥65 in a disadvantaged neighbourhood of Bilbao to inform social prescribing.

Methods

A social mapping methodology within a citizen science and participatory action research approach used a Mapping Party format. Twenty adults aged ≥65 (12 women, 8 men) were recruited through community networks into gender-specific groups. Three sessions were conducted: (1) defining neighbourhood boundaries; (2) geolocating health assets and needs; and (3) discussing findings and recommendations. Mapping outputs, field notes and discussions were analysed thematically.

Results

Findings identified 18 geolocated health assets grouped into four categories: green/blue spaces, accessibility/transport, social interactions and cultural activities. Six assets were shared by both groups, mainly in environmental and accessibility domains, but gender differences emerged in their perception. Women prioritised social and community-based assets, linking them to care, belonging and support, while reporting lower perceived safety and fewer neighbourhood resources. Men emphasised natural spaces and mobility infrastructures, associating them with autonomy, tranquillity and walking routines. Both groups valued local bars and transport, but women stressed collective organisation and social support, whereas men focused on recreational and functional uses of space.

Conclusions

Health assets were understood as relational and place-based, integrating spatial, social and emotional dimensions. Gender-sensitive participatory mapping can inform social prescribing and urban health policies.

Key messages

• Health assets are experienced differently by older women and men, reflecting unequal social and spatial conditions.

• Participatory and gender-sensitive mapping should be integrated into urban health planning and social prescribing.