GBT-CHAIN: A System Framework for Solving the General Trilemma in Permissioned Blockchains

As a subset of distributed systems, blockchain technology is equally bound by the CAP trilemma. Specifically, no distributed system can satisfy consistency, availability, and partition tolerance simultaneously. Informally, the innovative blockchain trilemma has been theorized to include security, scalability, and decentralization. While many software approaches on blockchains claim to solve the trilemma problem, almost all known approaches have been proven to involve trade-offs and fail to reach the upper bounds, meaning they do not achieve the theoretical limit value in each term of a trilemma. In this paper, we propose a general trilemma based on the above two. For permissioned blockchains, we then describe a system framework called GBT-CHAIN to solve the

eneral lockchain rilemma. In the proposed framework, the consensus and data layer, the network layer and the physical layer work in cooperation. According to our theoretical proof and experimental analysis, the three properties of the trilemma consisting of consistency, scalability, and partition tolerance are perfectly satisfied without trade-offs. Our results demonstrate that the general blockchain trilemma is resolved by combining consensus algorithms and physical topologies, in particular for permissioned blockchains.