Functionalization of Aramid Fibers and Fabrics for Composites with Durable Structural and Functional Integrity: A Review

Aramid fibers combine high specific strength, impact-energy absorption and thermal stability, yet the same rigid, highly oriented chains also produce a chemically inert surface, low compressive strength and sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and hydrolysis. This review synthesizes original research articles, indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection, with emphasis on 2021–2026, on how fiber- and fabric-level functionalization affects the structural and functional integrity of aramid composites. Unlike previous reviews, organized by method, material form or application, it follows the retention of this integrity from fiber to component. Plasma, chemical, bio-inspired and nano structural treatments are compared by interfacial gain, fiber damage and property retention after UV exposure. The roles of aramid nanofibers, matrices, processing, hybridization and shear-thickening fluids are discussed, together with added functions such as electromagnetic shielding, strain sensing, thermal management, liquid repellence and self-healing. Several interphases, including oxide layers and aramid nanofiber coatings carrying conductive phases, strengthen adhesion while protecting the fiber or adding a function, but most data refer to unaged fibers or small specimens tested for one property at a time. An evaluation framework is proposed that links fiber, laminate and component scales with combined aging, icing and electromagnetic requirements for outdoor structures.