Functional role of the second messengers PtdIns(3,4,5)P ₃ and PtdIns(3,4)P ₂ in carcinogenesis

Abstract

PtdIns(3,4,5)P ₃ and PtdIns(3,4)P ₂ are second messengers and key regulators of tumorigenesis. Their production and degradation are spatiotemporally regulated by a network of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases which is frequently altered in cancer. Both molecules serve as docking and activation sites for PH-domain containing effector proteins regulating oncogenic traits. This review will detail the proteins and pathways involved in the upstream regulation and downstream functions of PtdIns(3,4,5)P ₃ and PtdIns(3,4)P ₂ . In addition, it will cover the spatiotemporal distribution of these two PtdIns and relevant analysis techniques.