From Shore-Side Electricity to Sustainable Port Transformation: Emerging Technologies and Strategic Trends

Maritime transport, responsible for over 90% of global trade, is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions due to its reliance on fossil fuels. Achieving international decarbonization targets set by the International Maritime Organization and the European Green Deal requires not only advancements in vessel technologies but also the sustainable transformation of port infrastructures. In this context, this study examines current trends in shore-to-ship (STS) charging technologies as a key enabler of sustainable port electrification. It provides a comprehensive review of AC, DC, and hybrid charging architectures, along with recent developments in robotic and autonomous charging systems. The study also explores industrial standards and energy management strategies for smart port applications, and identifies renewable integration and grid interaction models as key directions for future research. Furthermore, the study proposes an Onshore Power Supply (OPS) Readiness Index (OPSRI), a multi-criteria assessment framework that evaluates ship types based on their operational, technical, infrastructural, and regulatory suitability for onshore power integration. The main contribution of this review lies in integrating international standards, robotic charging technologies, and ship-type-specific readiness assessment into a unified analytical framework. The results indicate that ferries and tugboats are highly suitable for OPS deployment, while long-haul cargo vessels face greater limitations under current conditions. Overall, the findings offer practical insights for port authorities, policymakers, and energy planners, highlighting key challenges and future directions toward smart, sustainable, and low-carbon port ecosystems.