From Roots to Canopy: New Insights into the Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Dwarfing Rootstocks in Fruit Tree Development

Abstract

Grafting is an integral component of modern horticultural practices, integrating distinct genetic systems to synergistically enhance crop resilience and productivity. In modern fruit production, dwarfing rootstocks have emerged as the biological pivot for intensification and mechanization, substantially optimizing land-use efficiency and reducing operational costs. This review traces the origins of dwarfing rootstocks and provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying rootstock-induced dwarfing, ranging from anatomical structures to biochemical signaling pathways. We systematically evaluated the structural and physiological characteristics of dwarfing rootstocks, further dissecting the complexities of hormonal interactions and the functions of long-distance signaling molecules. By bridging foundational research with emerging biotechnologies and evolving fruit industrial demands, we propose a strategic roadmap for future investigations. Specifically, we project the potential of high-resolution spatiotemporal omics and advanced visualization in identifying mobile signals. Furthermore, we synthesize current strategies that couple precision molecular tools, such as CRISPR-mediated genome editing, with optimized transport systems leveraging tRNA-like structures, highlighting this integration as a promising development direction for transgene-free, biosafe regulation. Ultimately, based on existing AI and big data models, we propose a smart design framework to drive the transition from traditional breeding to predictive molecular engineering, providing a novel perspective for engineering ideotype dwarfing rootstocks.