From Nitrogen‐Rich Biopolymer to N‐Chemicals: Catalytic Upgrading of Chitin Via Nitrogen Retention and Catalyst Engineering

ABSTRACT

Chitin, the second most abundant natural biopolymer, represents a unique nitrogen‐containing biomass platform for the sustainable production of value‐added chemicals. However, conventional catalytic processes often suffer from inefficient utilization of intrinsic nitrogen, leading to its loss as ammonia or inert byproducts. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the catalytic upgrading of chitin toward nitrogen‐containing chemicals, with a particular emphasis on nitrogen retention strategies. Reaction pathways are classified into nitrogen‐conserving and nitrogen‐loss routes, highlighting the critical role of selective C─N bond transformation. We further discuss the design principles of advanced catalysts, including noble metal catalysts, non‐precious metal catalysts, and acid catalysts, with special attention to metal–support interactions and interface engineering. Mechanistic insights derived from experimental and theoretical studies are summarized to elucidate the origins of activity and selectivity. Finally, key challenges and future opportunities are outlined, aiming to guide the development of efficient catalytic systems for maximizing nitrogen utilization in chitin valorization.