Flexible PVA –Marble Inorganic Waste Nanocomposite Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator

ABSTRACT

High‐performance dielectric materials, the utilization of inorganic waste materials as triboelectric active materials, and high output voltage under humid conditions are critical for developing efficient and environmentally friendly triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing applications. In this study, marble waste (MW) particles were incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix via solution casting to develop a composite film for dielectric and triboelectric energy‐harvesting applications. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful incorporation and uniform dispersion of MW particles within the PVA matrix. The PVA–MW composite exhibited improved thermal stability, reduced water absorption, and a high dielectric constant of approximately 500 at 100 Hz due to interfacial polarization. The fabricated PVA–MW TENG generated a high open‐circuit voltage of ~110 V and a current density of ~1.0 μA cm ⁻² , which are significantly higher than those of pristine PVA (45 V and 0.045 μA cm ⁻² , respectively). Furthermore, the developed device achieved a maximum output power and volumetric power density of 180 μW and 267 μW cm ⁻³ , respectively, with a mechanical‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency of 16.3%. The developed PVA–MW TENG successfully charged various capacitors and exhibited a high output voltage of 35 V even under high relative humidity (80% RH) under the same applied vertical pressure. These findings establish marble waste as an effective dielectric filler and triboelectric active material for developing high‐performance PVA‐based composites for mechanical energy harvesting and stable output performance under humid conditions for self‐powered sensing applications.