Flexibility‐Reserve‐Aware Coordinated Optimal Scheduling of a Park‐Level Power–Hydrogen–Electric‐Vehicle System for High‐Penetration Renewable Energy Accommodation

ABSTRACT

High penetration of wind and photovoltaic power increases source–load variability and flexibility requirements in park‐level integrated energy systems. This study proposes a flexibility‐reserve‐aware coordinated scheduling framework for a park‐level power–hydrogen–electric‐vehicle system. A hierarchical scenario‐reduction method combining multivariate Wasserstein distance and dynamic time warping preserves both joint‐distribution and intraday temporal characteristics. An EV regulation model considering travel constraints is integrated with the reserve capabilities of multi‐energy devices. The scheduling model minimises energy‐purchase, operation and maintenance, carbon‐emission, EV‐service and reserve‐compensation costs, and is solved using a coordinated‐strategy‐enhanced hawk–fish optimisation algorithm. Case studies show that the proposed method reduces the normalised scenario‐quality indicator by 64.29% relative to the Wasserstein benchmark, lowers total operating cost by 30.26% relative to HFOA, and shortens computation time from 155 s to 126 s.