Fibropapillomatosis in Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas): Etiology, Pathology, Diagnostic Challenges, and Rehabilitation Management

Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a disease that threatens the health and safety of sea turtles globally, with green sea turtles having the highest FP prevalence. FP is associated with Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5, but the primary etiological agent remains unknown as expression and severity of the virus are influenced by host susceptibility, immunological status, development of epithelial lesions, and environmental factors. This review explores current understanding of FP in green sea turtles, focusing on etiology, pathological features, diagnostic approaches, and rehabilitation strategies. Emphasis is placed on the compounded nature of the disease, integrating factors that influence disease expression. Screening challenges are examined through the limitations of clinical, histological, and molecular methods, particularly in distinguishing latent from active infection. Rehabilitation practices, including surgical intervention and long-term supportive care, are evaluated in the context of treatment outcomes and recurrence risk. Collectively, the evidence supports the interpretation of FP as a disease shaped by host–pathogen–ecology interactions. Improved integration of diagnostic tools and greater focus on natural drivers are essential for advancing understanding of the disease and informing conservation and management efforts.