Family Functioning in Children With ADHD and Subthreshold ADHD: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study
Sampada Bhide, Daryl Efron, Obioha C. Ukoumunne, Vicki Anderson, Jan M. Nicholson, Tim Silk, Philip Hazell, Alisha Gulenc, Emma Sciberras- Clinical Psychology
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
Objective:
To compare family functioning over time for elementary school children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; N = 179) and subthreshold ADHD (ST-ADHD; N = 86), to children without ADHD (Control; N = 212).
Method:
ADHD was assessed using the Conners 3 ADHD Index and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV. At baseline, 18-month follow-up and 36-month follow-up, parents completed measures assessing a range of family functioning domains.
Results:
At baseline, the ADHD group reported higher psychological distress, less parenting self-efficacy, less parenting consistency, and more stressful life events; and both groups reported poorer family quality of life (QoL) and greater parenting anger. Trajectories were largely similar to controls (i.e., stable over time), but unlike controls, ADHD and ST-ADHD groups showed lessening parent-partner support and parenting warmth, respectively; and both groups showed worsening aspects of family QoL.
Conclusion:
Families of children with ADHD and ST-ADHD report persistently poor or worsening family functioning; highlighting a need for tailored psycho-social supports.