Failure‐Resilient DoA Estimation for Far‐Field Targets Using Novel Hybrid Techniques

This article introduces a novel algorithm based on heuristic techniques for joint approximation of amplitude, direction‐of‐arrival (DoA) parameters, and range of far‐field sources in failed antenna arrays. The core contribution of this work is to jointly approximate the amplitudes of multiple signals along with azimuth and elevation angles imposed on 1L‐ and 2L‐shaped faulty arrays. We have used computational techniques in which the formulation begins with a global optimizer and concludes with a local optimizer for acceptable tuning. In antenna array failure correction, precise DoA estimation is a serious and novel issue. In the proposed work, a novel hybrid technique, the gray wolf optimization algorithm (GWOA) along with the cultural algorithm with differential evolution algorithm (CADEA), is introduced as a global search, while the pattern search algorithm (PSA) is used as a local optimizer. This hybrid approach gives dynamic and precise DoA approximation in L‐type shaped antenna arrays even in the case of sensor failure. The optimization is guided by a mean square error (MSE) objective function derived from the maximum‐likelihood principle. The simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid GWOA–PSA and CADEA–PSA outperform the conventional methods in terms of accuracy, resilience to noise, and fault tolerance. The effectiveness and consistency of this work are compared and outperformed through simulation results and extensive numerical analysis.