Factors and Psychosocial and Physical Health Outcomes Associated with Cyberbullying Victimization in Adolescents: A Systematic Scoping Review

Background/Objectives: Cyberbullying victimization is a form of online harassment that can adversely affect adolescents’ psychological, social, and physical well-being. Although research on cyberbullying has increased substantially in recent years, the factors associated with cyberbullying victimization and its medium- and long-term psychosocial consequences remain insufficiently integrated within the literature. This systematic scoping review aimed to (1) identify factors associated with adolescent cyberbullying victimization across individual, family, school/peer, and online-context levels and (2) synthesize the associated psychosocial and physical health outcomes. Methods: The review focused on secondary-school adolescents, with 12–17 years as the target age range. Studies identifying participants as secondary-school students without reporting exact age ranges were also eligible. This systematic scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The review protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO and the Open Science Framework. A literature search was conducted through three platforms—EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and ProQuest—using the databases and indexes available within each platform. The methodological quality of the included studies was also appraised. Results: Of the 697 records identified, 24 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Methodological quality assessment classified four studies as high quality, thirteen as moderate quality, and seven as low quality. Factors associated with cyberbullying victimization were organized across individual (psychological characteristics and substance use), family (family circumstances and parental phubbing), school/peer (offline peer victimization), and online-context (internet and social media use and personal information sharing) levels. Associated outcomes encompassed psychological and emotional difficulties, behavioral problems, social and academic difficulties, and poorer physical health. Parental support and parent–child bonding were examined as modifiers of associations with individual outcomes. Conclusions: Cyberbullying victimization among adolescents is associated with multiple individual and contextual factors and with a broad range of adverse psychosocial and physical health outcomes. The findings highlight the need for multilevel prevention strategies that address personal, family, peer, school, and digital-context factors, alongside accessible support systems for affected adolescents. Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify temporal relationships between cyberbullying victimization, associated individual and contextual factors, and psychosocial and physical health outcomes.