Fabrication of piezoelectric nanogenerator based on heterogeneous multilayer polyvinylidene fluoride/ BaTiO ₃ electrospun

Abstract

This study presents the development of a piezoelectric nanogenerator based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/BaTiO ₃ multilayer nanofibrous membranes (MNFMs) with a heterogeneous multilayer structure. PVDF nanofibres incorporating BaTiO ₃ nanoparticles were produced via electrospinning, achieving a maximum β‐phase content of 71.7% ± 0.4% at an optimal BaTiO ₃ concentration of 3 wt%. The MNFMs were fabricated by incorporating electrosprayed PVDF or PVDF/BaTiO ₃ microspheres between electrospun PVDF/BaTiO ₃ nanofibres, resulting in a distinct heterogeneous multilayer architecture. The optimized MNFMs exhibited an output voltage of 212 mV under an applied force of 0.25 N, significantly outperforming single‐layer and homogeneous membranes. These improvements are attributed to enhanced β‐phase nucleation and reduced interfacial counteracting stresses enabled by the multilayer design. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.