Fabrication of a BC/1T-2H MoS2@TP/PPy Membrane for Photo-Fenton Reactions and Solar-Driven Water Evaporation

Solar-driven advanced oxidation processes and interfacial water evaporation represent promising strategies to simultaneously address water pollution and freshwater scarcity. However, conventional photo-Fenton catalysts are predominantly powder-based and suffer from difficult catalyst recovery, inefficient H2O2 utilization, and limited practical applicability. Herein, a multifunctional bacterial-cellulose-based composite membrane (BC-MTP) was designed by immobilizing 1T-2H MoS2 and a tea-polyphenol/polypyrrole (TP/PPy) copolymer through a blending–copolymerization strategy. The three-dimensional BC network anchors the catalytic components and supports their repeated use, while the BC-MTP membrane achieves 88.2% tetracycline removal using 20 μL H2O2, four times lower than the dosage used for the corresponding powder catalyst. Because dissolved Fe was not quantified by ICP-OES or ICP-MS, the present results are interpreted as evidence of improved H2O2 utilization and component immobilization rather than quantitative proof of suppressed iron leaching. The incorporation of 1T-2H MoS2 and TP/PPy also provides strong broadband light absorption and photothermal conversion, yielding a solar-driven evaporation rate of 1.34 kg m−2 h−1 and an energy efficiency of 80.1% under the tested laboratory conditions. This work demonstrates a membrane platform integrating photo-Fenton degradation and solar-driven water evaporation for water-purification applications.