Extracellular Vesicles in Dermatology: Where Are We and What Lies Ahead?
Ines Martic, Alessandro Paolini, Stefania Paola Bruno, Andrea Gallego, Dorottya Ádám, Sedat Odabas, Şebnem Erçelen Ceylan, Emanuela Camera, Paloma Pérez, Attila Oláh, Andrea Masotti, Mirjana Nacka‐Aleksić, Danuta Gutowska‐Owsiak, Nsrein Ali, Maria CavinatoABSTRACT
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in skin biology, mediating intercellular communication across diverse physiological and pathological contexts. In this review, we critically assess the current understanding of EVs in dermatology, highlighting their roles in skin homeostasis, ageing, inflammation, wound healing and cancer. We explore the mechanistic contributions of EVs derived from skin, emphasizing their influence on immune modulation, senescence and tissue regeneration. We also examine their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents, while addressing key technical and conceptual challenges that limit clinical translation. Drawing on collaborative insights from the COST Action NETSKINMODELS, we provide a set of recommendations to advance the field, including standardizing separation protocols, improving functional characterization and integrating with emerging technologies such as microneedles and 3D bioprinting. Together, these perspectives outline a strategic framework for unlocking the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in dermatological research and clinical care.