Exploring the role of a systems approach in improving long-COVID clinics

ABSTRACT:

Long-COVID is a complex, multi-system condition with variable care across the UK. Using a systems and design engineering approach underpinned by Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), this study examined Long-COVID clinic pathways through semi-structured interviews with 15 clinicians and patients. Thematic analysis identified five domains—attitudes, relationships, service integration, technology adoption, and safety netting. The final synthesised swimlane diagram revealed opportunities to improve coordination, operational efficiency, and patient safety within evolving care models.