Exploring the Driving Factors of the Land Use Structure in Traditional Villages of Enshi Prefecture—A New Perspective on Coupling Residents’ Perception

Understanding the driving mechanisms of land-use structure change is fundamental for exploring co-evolutionary dynamics of coupled human-land systems. This study focuses on traditional villages in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, integrating spatial analysis, landscape pattern indices, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with field surveys and multi-source data. It analyzes spatial distribution, spatiotemporal evolution, and the direct and indirect pathways of topographic heterogeneity, human activities, economic development, and social level on land-use structure change. Results show: (1) Villages concentrate in mountainous junctions at 800–1200 m (52.2%), forming a multi-core, west-dense east-sparse pattern with significant spatial dependence. (2) During 1990–2020, Dong villages exhibited a development-oriented evolution, with slightly expanded cultivated and forest land, intensified fragmentation (patch density increased by up to 8.55%), increased landscape diversity, and slightly decreased grassland and water, reflecting an adaptive balance between economic development and ecological constraints. (3) SEM reveals that topographic heterogeneity exerts significant negative direct effects on human activities (−0.694) and economic development (−0.686), and indirectly constrains social level through multiple mediating pathways; human activities (0.829) and economic development (0.837) strongly drive social level, with economic development also synergistically promoting human activities. This study reveals cascading transmission mechanisms of land-use structure change, providing an empirically grounded theoretical foundation and decision-making reference for ecological protection, cultural inheritance, and sustainable development in mountainous ethnic areas.