Exploring Group Differences in Attenuated Symptoms and Functioning Between Clinical High‐Risk Individuals With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Danielle Pham, Leda Kennedy, Jean Addington, Carrie E. Bearden, Tyrone D. Cannon, Barbara A. Cornblatt, Matcheri Keshavan, Daniel H. Mathalon, Diana O. Perkins, William Stone, Elaine F. Walker, Scott W. Woods, Kristin S. CadenheadABSTRACT
Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common comorbid diagnosis in psychotic disorders. However, little is known about the effect of comorbid PTSD in youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate group differences in symptom severity, risk for psychotic conversion and functioning among youth at CHR for psychosis with and without PTSD.
Methods
This longitudinal study utilized data from N = 693 individuals who met criteria for CHR as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 3 (NAPLS‐3). Individuals who met criteria for PTSD were compared to those who did not meet criteria for PTSD on demographic, symptom and functional variables.
Results
Individuals diagnosed with PTSD ( N = 54) reported more severe overall positive symptoms ( p = 0.008), negative symptoms ( p = 0.043) and general symptoms ( p = 0.008) compared to those without the diagnosis ( N = 639). These symptom differences were primarily accounted for by more grandiose symptoms ( p = 0.026), decreased experience of emotions ( p = 0.043), sleep disturbance ( p = 0.043), dysphoric mood ( p = 0.012) and impaired tolerance to stress ( p = 0.008) in those with PTSD. In Cox proportional hazards models using the full sample with censoring at last follow‐up, PTSD diagnosis was not associated with time to psychosis conversion. Exploratory analyses of trauma subtype within the PTSD group also did not identify any trauma category significantly associated with conversion risk. Timing of trauma exposure (early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence) was not significantly associated with conversion.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that a diagnosis of PTSD is associated with more severe overlapping symptoms in individuals meeting the criteria for CHR but not psychotic conversion. Our findings underscore the importance of recognizing and treating comorbid psychiatric conditions including PTSD in CHR populations as a means of reducing symptoms and improving outcomes.