Exploration of the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Heart Failure

Heart failure represents the terminal stage of various cardiac diseases; the global prevalence of heart failure has been steadily increasing and poses a significant public health burden. With ongoing advances in molecular biology, clinical epidemiology, and translational medicine, research on heart failure has progressed significantly. Thus, understanding of the pathogenesis of heart failure has expanded beyond traditional hemodynamic abnormalities to encompass multidimensional, interrelated mechanisms, including neurohumoral imbalance, myocardial remodeling (hypertrophy and fibrosis), energy metabolism disorders, epigenetic regulation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. This review systematically summarizes recent key advances in elucidating heart failure pathogenesis and iterative updates to treatment strategies, drawing on fundamental and translational research in this field.