Expert Clinical Consensus on Body Surface Gastric Mapping Phenotypes for Gastroduodenal Disorders: ‘Auckland Classification’ v1.0
Chris Varghese, Nicky Dachs, Gabriel Schamberg, Thomas Abell, Mohammad Al‐Haddad, Timothy Robert Angeli‐Gordon, Shahin Ayazi, Homira Ayubi, Mohammad Bashashati, Robert Bulat, Stefan Calder, Christopher Brian Cederwall, Bianca Chang, Leo Cheng, John Clarke, Charlotte Daker, Peng Du, Jon Erickson, Sven Eriksson, Asma Fikree, Daphne Foong, Mark Fox, Uday Chand Ghoshal, Mahesh Goenka, Rehan Haidry, William L. Hasler, Bu'Hussain Hayee, Vincent Ho, Gerald Holtman, Anthony Robert Hobson, I‐Hsuan Huang, Daniel Keszthelyi, Sahib S. Khalsa, Natasha Koloski, Braden Kuo, David Kunkel, Mikaela Law, David Levinthal, Joy J. Liu, Prateek Mathur, Baharak Moshiree, Leila Neshatian, Catherine Ngo, Linda Nguyen, Nicholas R. Oblizajek, Henry P. Parkman, Sanjay Pandanaboyana, Alexander Podboy, Ali Rezaie, Amol Sharma, Sam Simmonds, Jonathan Sivakumar, Jarongkorn Sirimongkolkasem, Irene Sonu, Abigail Stocker, Joseph Sujka, Jan Tack, Charles Verdonk, Xiao Jing Wang, Douglas Weinstein, John Windsor, Nicha Wongjarupong, William Xu, Natalia Zarate‐Lopez, Christopher N. Andrews, Armen A. Gharibans, Greg O'GradyABSTRACT
Introduction
Chronic gastroduodenal disorders remain challenging to manage, and new diagnostic approaches are needed to better delineate underlying causes and guide therapeutic decisions. Body Surface Gastric Mapping (BSGM) technologies combine high‐resolution gastric myoelectrical activity measurements with symptom and psychological profiling to provide mechanistic insights into gastric motor and sensory dysfunction. An International Working Group convened to derive the first consensus classification of BSGM phenotypes (the “Auckland Classification”).
Methods
A Technical Group conducted a systematic literature and clinical database review to identify objective test biomarkers and candidate disease mechanisms. Evidence was synthesized across 50 studies (primarily in gastroparesis, chronic nausea and vomiting, and functional dyspepsia), and BSGM phenotypes were mapped to existing treatment guidelines. Subsequently, iterative review and development of consensus was performed by a Consensus Group composed of international clinical experts familiar with BSGM. Eleven statements underlying the classification were then derived and circulated as a final survey to establish agreement.
Results
Six BSGM phenotypes were endorsed: three defined by myoelectrical abnormalities (Dysrhythmic, High Frequency, and Low Meal Response) and three by characteristic symptom associations (Sensorimotor, Continuous, and Delayed Onset Symptoms). Published studies plausibly linked these phenotypes to mechanisms including interstitial cell of Cajal depletion, vagal impairment, hypomotility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut‐brain dysregulation, and small bowel dysfunction. Phenotypes were also mapped to existing mechanism‐based treatment guidelines. Ten out of the eleven statements had > 80% agreement.
Conclusions
The Auckland Classification, derived by international consensus, presents a structured framework for BSGM‐defined patient phenotypes. Evidence and mechanism‐based treatment options are suggested for each phenotype to provide a foundation for research, further validation, and a pathway for integrating BSGM into clinical care.