Experimental Approaches Unveiling Antidiarrheal, Anxiolytic, Antihyperglycemic, Thrombolytic, and Cytotoxic Activity of Cissus assamica Methanolic Leaf Extract: A Promising Herbal Candidate in Modern Pha

Cissus assamica is a plant that has noteworthy traditional interest due to its extensive potential. This research was conducted to investigate the antidiarrheal, anxiolytic, antihyperglycemic, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Cissus assamica (MLCA), focusing on local uses. The antidiarrheal, anxiolytic, and antihyperglycemic efficacies were assessed using the castor oil–induced diarrheal model, elevated plus maze (EPM) test, hole board test (HBT), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), respectively. The thrombolytic efficacy using the clot lysis technique and the cytotoxic potential using brine shrimp lethality techniques (BSLA) followed by an MTT assay on human HeLa cells were confirmed. The extract exhibited a significant antidiarrheal effect with a nonlinear and time‐dependent dose–response relationship, producing 16.96% and 27.34% inhibition at 400 and 200 mg/kg, respectively, compared with 58.48% for loperamide. At 400 mg/kg, the number of entries in EPM (10 ± 0.71 ^∗∗ ) and head dipping in HBT (29.6 ± 1.31 ^∗∗ ) increased and showed moderate differences from diazepam. The extract significantly attenuated postprandial blood glucose elevation at 30 min and enhanced glucose clearance at 90 and 120 min following glucose administration. MLCA (20 and 10 mg/mL) induced prominent clot lysis (51.39% and 45.23%, p < 0.001) compared to streptokinase. The LC ₅₀ value (5.736 μg/mL) indicated notable cytotoxicity followed by the MTT assay against HeLa cells, reducing cell viability to 10%–20% at the tested concentration (MLCA 10 mg/mL). Additionally, molecular docking of major previously identified GC–MS phytoconstituents revealed strong binding affinities (−7.6 to −9.5 kcal/mol) toward key therapeutic protein targets, supporting the multitarget mechanisms reflected in the in vivo and in vitro findings.