DOI: 10.1177/17479541261490422 ISSN: 1747-9541

Exercise-Based injury prevention in football: An Umbrella review of functional outcomes, return to play, and player availability

Antonio Aguilar Gómez, Luis Manuel Martínez Aranda
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Background

Injury prevention is relevant in football, but preventive programmes are assessed through heterogeneous outcomes. Functional adaptations, risk-related factors, injury reduction, return to play, and player availability are not equivalent. Prevention may influence competitive performance indirectly by reducing injury-related time loss.

Methods

An umbrella review of reviews on injury prevention in football was conducted. Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus were searched for reviews published from January 2016 to June 2026. Reviews addressing functional indicators, injury outcomes, return-to-play criteria, or player availability were included. Quality was assessed with AMSTAR-2 and overlap with CCA.

Results

Sixteen reviews were included: injury prevention ( n  = 8), functional adaptations and risk-related indicators ( n  = 5), and return to play and availability ( n  = 3). Preventive programmes showed favourable effects on injury outcomes. Improvements in strength, muscle architecture, balance, and change of direction reflected functional adaptations but did not demonstrate injury reduction. Return-to-play reviews showed heterogeneous criteria. Overall, 324 primary-study occurrences represented 284 unique publications. CCA was 0.94% overall and 11.63% within injury-prevention reviews.

Conclusion

Exercise-based injury prevention in football should be understood as a multidimensional process in which functional adaptations, injury reduction, return to play, and player availability represent distinct but complementary outcomes. Its potential contribution to competitive performance is likely mediated primarily by reduced injury-related time loss and greater continuity of participation in training and competition, rather than by a direct performance-enhancing effect. Improvements in functional or risk-related indicators should not be assumed to translate automatically into fewer injuries or better competitive performance.

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