Evaluation of tsunami preparedness and appraisal of disaster mitigation education in Kebumen Regency, Indonesia: An application of marker-based augmented reality approach

This study addresses the critical gap in tsunami disaster mitigation education and the lack of interactive, contextually field-based disaster education media. It develops and evaluates a tsunami preparedness medium using a Marker-Based Augmented Reality (MBAR) approach, specifically tailored to the tsunami risk profile of Karangbolong Village, Kebumen Regency, Indonesia. Methodologically, the study integrates three frameworks: a disaster literacy model (knowledge, skills, attitudes), a disaster literacy continuum (basic to critical), and the UNESCO-IOC Tsunami Ready 12-indicator framework, combining them into a single instructional product developed through the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC). This integration of all three frameworks into one locally contextualized AR-based educational medium represents a pioneering effort. Data were collected through intensive field reconnaissance visits, expert validation questionnaires, and user response instruments. The analysis revealed that the subject matter expert rated the media as "highly feasible" (94.17%) for tsunami preparedness and disaster mitigation education, while the media expert similarly rated it "highly feasible" (95.15%). User responses from 30 university students rated the tsunami preparedness and disaster mitigation education in Karangbolong Village as "excellent" (90.56%). Additionally, Black-box testing confirmed full functional performance across all application modules and parameters. These findings demonstrate that the Tsunami Ready AR application is a valid, technically robust, and innovative medium for community-level tsunami disaster mitigation education.