Evaluation of the “Los Filabres” Protocol on Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and Psychotropic Drug Use in Nursing Home Residents

Background/Objectives: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are highly prevalent among nursing home residents and represent a major clinical and care-related challenge. These symptoms are frequently associated with increased psychotropic drug use despite limited efficacy and important safety concerns. This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes in BPSD and psychotropic drug use following implementation of the “Los Filabres” protocol, a structured person-centered non-pharmacological intervention, in nursing home residents with dementia. Methods: A single-arm longitudinal pre–post observational study was conducted in five nursing homes in Andalusia, Spain, including 204 residents with dementia or cognitive impairment. After staff training, the intervention was implemented over 12 months. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (T0), 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), including symptom frequency, severity, clinical relevance, and caregiver-related distress. Psychotropic drug use was analyzed according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. Statistical analyses included Friedman and Cochran’s Q tests, with effect sizes estimated using Cohen’s d and h. The observational nature of the study implies that observed changes may be subject to limitations such as Hawthorne effects. Results: Significant reductions were observed across all global NPI dimensions over time (p < 0.001), including symptom frequency, severity, clinical relevance, and caregiver-related distress. The proportion of participants with at least one clinically relevant symptom decreased from 93.1% at baseline to 35.8% at 12 months (p < 0.001). Significant longitudinal reductions were also observed in psychotropic drug use, with the mean number of psychotropic drugs per participant decreasing from 2.38 to 1.57 (p < 0.001). Reductions were observed in anxiolytic and antipsychotic use, as well as in as-needed prescriptions. Conclusions: The “Los Filabres” protocol was associated with significant longitudinal reductions in BPSD and psychotropic drug use in nursing home residents with dementia. These findings suggest that structured person-centered non-pharmacological interventions based on the identification of unmet needs may help support dementia care and more individualized pharmacological management in long-term care settings. These findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the observational pre–post design and absence of a control group.