Evaluating Resilient Built-Environment Performance Through a Planning-Led Integrative Framework

Madinah, a high-intensity religious heritage city, faces increasing pressure from rapid urbanization, climatic stress, high visitor intensity, and growing infrastructure demands. Enhancing resilient built-environment performance therefore requires coordinated attention to mobility, comfort, service continuity, social usability, and operational support. This study develops a planning-led framework for evaluating user-perceived resilient built-environment performance through a user satisfaction index (USI) integrating three dimensions: Planning/Spatial, Building Performance, and Digital Construction. The framework was applied to the Central Area surrounding the Prophet’s Mosque using a cross-sectional questionnaire survey with 300 valid responses. Indicator and dimension importance were established independently through expert ratings, while user responses were normalized and hierarchically aggregated to compute the USI. Planning/Spatial recorded the highest weighted performance score (55.87%), followed by building performance (48.99%) and digital construction (39.82%), resulting in an overall USI of 48.83%. Accessibility (PS3) achieved the highest individual mean score (3.22; 64.4%), whereas decision-support capability (DC4) recorded the lowest (1.84; 36.8%). The findings indicate comparatively stronger user-perceived spatial accessibility but weaker environmental, service-related, and user-visible digital-support performance. The proposed framework provides a structured basis for identifying perceived performance gaps and informing integrated planning and management interventions in high-intensity heritage urban environments, while its transferability to other contexts requires independent validation.