Euphorbia Tirucalli L. Accelerates Mandibular Bone Healing: Analysis of PMNs, Fibroblasts, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts in Wistar Rats

Objective: The present study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic potential of Euphorbia tirucalli L. stem extract in accelerating mandibular bone defect healing through the modulation of inflammatory and regenerative cellular responses, including polymorphonuclear cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts in Wistar rats. Material and Methods: A laboratory-based experimental study with a randomized post-test only control group design was conducted using 40 male Wistar rats. Standardized mandibular defects were created in the symphysis region utilizing a low-speed round bur. The animals were randomly assigned into four groups, including a negative control and three treatment groups receiving topical Euphorbia tirucalli L. stem extract at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, administered twice daily for 7 days. Histological evaluation was carried out on days 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The group treated with 75% extract demonstrated significant increases in fibroblast proliferation on days 5 and 7, alongside increased osteoblastic activity at corresponding time points, relative to the control group. Conversely, a marked reduction in PMN cell infiltration was observed during the early phase (day 3), accompanied by decreased osteoclast activity in the later phase (day 7), indicating a favorable shift from inflammation toward tissue regeneration. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the experimental study, Euphorbia tirucalli L. stem extract demonstrated the dose-dependent modulation of inflammatory and bone remodelling cells in mandibular bone defects. However, further molecular and clinical studies are required prior to its clinical application.