Equity-Oriented Land-Use Restructuring in Built-Up Areas: Optimizing the Spatial Equity of Accessibility to Urban Functions in Wuhan

Urban renewal is increasingly shifting land-use planning from outward expansion toward the reallocation of existing urban land, yet differences among alternative configurations in accessibility inequality, implementation requirements, and environmental performance remain insufficiently understood. This study develops a parcel-based multi-objective optimization framework for Wuhan’s built-up area using 7946 urban land-use parcels. Residential land and nine functional land-use categories vary across candidate configurations, with the Gini coefficient of integrated accessibility directly incorporated as an optimization objective. Five objectives—land-use compatibility, relative land-use conversion cost, relative population heat exposure, accessibility inequality, and residential-neighborhood functional mix—are jointly optimized using constrained NSGA-III, while TOPSIS identifies representative solutions. All three solutions show substantially lower distributional accessibility inequality than the baseline, with Gini coefficients of 0.188–0.195 compared with 0.334. Similar reductions were observed using fixed baseline residential parcels. The accessibility-inequality-priority solution achieves the lowest inequality but a substantially higher relative conversion cost than the balanced solution. Industrial-to-residential conversion is the largest transition pathway, while relative population heat exposure shows limited improvement. The framework supports comparison of alternative land-use restructuring scenarios under multiple planning objectives and constraints.