DOI: 10.11648/j.ijcu.20261001.27 ISSN: 2640-1355

Epidemiology and Histopathology of Primary Urological Cancers in Chad, Sub-Saharan Africa

Saleh Nedjim, Sadissou Gambobo, Abbas Raphaël, Adoumadji Kouldjim, Ndormadjita Allah-Syengar, Mahamat Mahamat, Choua Ouchemi
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Introduction: Urogenital cancers are a heterogeneous group of tumors affecting the kidneys, bladder, prostate, testicles, and penis. In developing countries, late diagnosis and limited resources complicate management, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. This study aims to describe the epidemiological and histopathological profile of urogenital cancers in Chad in order to guide prevention and care strategies. Methodology: This is a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study conducted in the pathology department of the La Renaissance University Hospital, the only referral center in the country, between January and December 2025. All histologically confirmed cases of urogenital cancer were included. The data collected included sociodemographic, clinical, and histopathological characteristics, which were analyzed using Excel. Results: Of the 1,117 samples examined, 251 were of urogenital origin and 85 were diagnosed as malignant tumors. The mean age of patients was 66.8 ± 13.3 years, with a predominance of males (94.1%). The prostate was the most commonly affected organ (77.6%), followed by the bladder (20%) and kidney (2.4%). Prostate adenocarcinoma was the predominant histological type (100% of prostate cancers), with 56.3% being high grade. Bladder cancers were mainly urothelial, and kidney cancer was represented by nephroblastoma. Conclusion: Urogenital cancers in Chad are dominated by aggressive prostate cancer. The lack of a national registry and technical limitations complicate management. The implementation of a national strategy integrating screening, registry, diagnostic reinforcement, and specialized training is essential to reduce mortality and anticipate the future burden.

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