DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znag087.559 ISSN: 0007-1323

EP 227 Surgical Skill Development through High-Tech Simulation-Based Constructivist Learning

Ibrahim Elsherbini, Nida Khan, Muhammad Akram, Premjithlal Bhaskaran, Tamer Hasablla, Christ Swaminathan

Abstract

Background

Traditional surgical training faces increasing challenges, such as decreased operative exposure, an increase in trainee burnout, and inefficiencies in skill acquisition. Although simulation, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing are increasingly available, they are often implemented in isolation without a unifying educational framework. Constructivist learning theory, which emphasizes personalized, stepwise knowledge construction through reflection and experience, offers a foundation for integrating these technologies into a cohesive training model.

Aim

To propose a trainee-centered, constructivist simulation framework integrating VR, AR, and 3D printing to enhance technical skill acquisition, training efficiency, and patient safety.

Methods

We describe a conceptual educational model in which individual trainee performance is assessed following real-time operative experience and specific procedural deficits are identified. Targeted remediation is delivered using a two-stage simulation approach: (1) immersive VR/AR rehearsal of the problematic surgical step, enabling repeated cognitive and visual practice, and (2) hands-on repetition using low-cost, 3D-printed anatomical models to reinforce tactile and technical skills. Training progression is guided by structured feedback, performance recording, and reflective practice. The framework is supported by current evidence on simulation efficacy, skill transferability, and patient-specific rehearsal.

Results

Published evidence demonstrates that simulation-based training improves technical accuracy, decreases operative errors, shortens learning curves, and improves patient safety. Combining immersive VR with physical simulation shows superior skill transfer compared with either modality alone.

Conclusion

An integrated constructivist simulation model has potential to improve training efficiency, support trainee wellbeing, and enhance patient safety.

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