Environmental impact assessment of low carbon dioxide concrete: innovations, challenges and future pathways

Low carbon dioxide concrete (LCC) has emerged as a critical strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction industry, which is responsible for approximately 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions as a result of the production of traditional Portland cement. This review paper examines the environmental implications of LCC technologies, including supplementary cementitious materials, alkali-activated binders, approaches for carbon dioxide capture and utilisation, and novel aggregate alternatives. Life cycle assessment results from numerous studies were synthesised to evaluate reductions in embodied carbon dioxide, energy consumption and resource depletion relative to conventional concrete. The paper also explores challenges related to durability, materials availability, standardisation and performance variability, which can influence both environmental outcomes and large-scale adoption. In addition, the review highlights emerging trends such as bio-based binders, carbon-negative concrete formulations and digital optimisation techniques for mix design. Overall, this paper demonstrates that LCC can significantly reduce environmental burdens, often achieving 20–70% carbon dioxide savings, but emphasises that holistic evaluation – including durability, transport and end-of-life considerations – is essential for accurate impact assessment. The review concludes with recommendations for research priorities and policy interventions needed to accelerate the transition towards a more sustainable and resilient concrete industry.