Entrepreneurship as a service (EaaS): A pedagogical model for embedding entrepreneurial mindset across engineering higher education

Industries 4.0 and 5.0 call for engineers who are technically deep, digitally fluent, and entrepreneurially capable, yet engineering education still treats entrepreneurship as elective content reaching only a motivated minority, with accreditation frameworks omitting it as a required graduate attribute. This paper proposes Entrepreneurship as a Service (EaaS), a pedagogical model grounded in service-dominant logic that reframes entrepreneurial development as a continuous institutional service co-created with industry, rather than a course to be delivered. A survey of engineering faculty across 19 countries grounds the model empirically: faculty already teach entrepreneurially and broadly support institution-wide reform, but rate institutional support as their weakest resource, a shortfall most pronounced in the Middle East and North Africa. EaaS responds through five pedagogical layers and a governance layer that moves industry from advisory boards to operational co-design of projects and assessments, offering universities a route from policy ambition to curriculum practice.