Enhancing Drug Bioavailability Through Nanocarrier Systems: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

Poor drug bioavailability remains a major challenge in pharmaceutical development, primarily due to low aqueous solubility, limited membrane permeability and rapid metabolic degradation, which significantly reduces therapeutic efficacy. In this context, nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. This review summarizes the main types of nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic and hybrid systems, and discusses their design and functional properties. Nanocarriers enhance drug performance by improving solubility, protecting active compounds from degradation, enabling controlled and sustained release, and facilitating targeted delivery to specific tissues. The influence of physicochemical parameters, such as particle size, surface charge and functionalization, on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is also addressed. Representative case studies illustrate the successful application of nanocarrier formulations in improving bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. Despite these advances, challenges related to toxicity, large-scale production and regulatory approval remain. Overall, nanocarrier-based systems represent a versatile and promising platform for enhancing drug bioavailability and advancing modern pharmaceutical therapies.