Enhanced heat transfer analysis of Casson hybrid nanofluid in blood with thermal radiation through a stretching sheet: A comprehensive study of analytical and numerical method

The investigation of the nonlinearly expanding surface using the Casson model has been conducted, with a focus on a unique mixture known as a hybrid nanofluid. This specific nanofluid consists of blood suspended with copper and Al₂ O₃ oxide. The distinct shape of the nanoparticles enables swift mobility within the nanofluid, accelerating their movement. We derived a novel set of similarity transformations, where the similarity variable is dimensionless and appears in the formulation as a function of all independent variables. The Runge-Kutta Fehlberg 4–5 ^th methodology was employed to numerically solve the modified equations. In prior research papers, the Homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method (HPSTM) was utilized to derive the analytical solution solely for the momentum equation. However, in this current study, the Homotopy perturbation Sumudu transform method (HPSTM) is applied to solve the coupled momentum and heat equations of the hybrid nanofluid, resulting in an innovative analytical solution that has not been previously explored. Comparison with the numerical results demonstrates the precision of the present work. The impact of unique components on thermal and velocity plots is explained.