Energy Storage Configuration Method Considering Comprehensive Measures for Enhancing Renewable Energy Hosting Capacity

To address the renewable energy hosting capacity problem in regional power grids under security, stability, and power supply adequacy constraints, this paper proposes an energy storage configuration method that coordinates demand–response, synchronous condensers, grid-forming renewable energy retrofits, and storage. First, wind and photovoltaic output scenarios are generated by clustering historical data while considering wind–solar correlations, and a time-of-use-price-based demand–response model is established to improve the net-load profile. Second, a three-layer optimization framework is constructed. The upper layer determines the rated power and energy capacity of the storage system and minimizes storage investment and operation and maintenance costs. The middle layer performs source–grid–load–storage coordinated dispatch under the storage boundary provided by the upper layer and minimizes the total operating costs while embedding node voltage and short-circuit ratio security checks. The lower layer maximizes renewable energy hosting capacity through incremental capacity iteration and determines the maximum admissible renewable capacity subject to reliability, security, and stability constraints. A normalized normal constraint (NNC) method is adopted to solve the multi-objective three-layer model. Case studies based on an improved IEEE 118-bus system show that the coordinated measures can significantly increase hosting capacity, reduce storage demand, and improve voltage and frequency security.