Emerging Dimensions of Biodegradable Polyesters: A Concise Review on PBS, PBAT, and their Blends, Nanocomposites
A. Adeebpasha, A. B. Hemavathi, H. Umesh Hebbar, Akhil Babu, S. Bindya, Anirudh G. PatilAbstract:
Due to worldwide demand for environmentally friendly materials, research into renewable/biodegradable-based polymers has increased significantly, particularly toward aliphatic polyesters such as polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polybutylene adipate-coterephthalate (PBAT). Both PBS and PBAT offer advantages of high mechanical strength, ease of processing, and biodegradability. PBS, a semi-crystalline polyester, is prepared from 1,4- butanediol and succinic acid, whereas PBAT (a copolyester) is valued for its superior ductility and thermal stability. However, PBS has drawbacks such as low degradation rates and brittleness, while PBAT exhibits inferior barrier properties and a lower modulus. These limitations restrict the individual use of PBS and PBAT in specific commercial applications. Recent advances have explored the combination of nanotechnology to produce PBS and PBAT nanocomposites. The use of nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and metallic nanoparticles, including ZnO, Cu2O, MgO, and TiO2, has enhanced their physicochemical properties, improving thermal stability and mechanical strength. The nanofillers also impart beneficial antimicrobial and UV-resistant properties. The combination of PBAT and PBS, in blends or hybrid nanocomposites, produces materials with optimized biodegradation rates and mechanical properties, applicable in various fields such as agriculture, food packaging, flexible electronics, automotive and biomedical scaffolding. The present review provides a systematic analysis of research on PBAT and PBS, focusing on synthesis, structural enhancements through nano reinforcement and degradation behaviour. It also discusses how material properties are influenced by factors such as interfacial interactions, blending, filler type and morphology, while addressing challenges related to bio-based precursors and green synthesis for achieving circular economy objectives.