Emergent cooperative superstructures via order-disorder kinetics in molecular intercalation superlattices

Molecular intercalation superlattices, formed by inserting organic molecules into van der Waals crystals, create inorganic-organic hybrid interfaces that have enabled a variety of emergent phenomena. Traditionally, the intercalated molecules have been regarded as inactive spacers, while their collective ordering have remained largely unexplored. Here, we report the discovery of a cooperative superstructure phase in molecule-intercalated niobium diselenide (NbSe ₂ ), where ordering of the guest molecules induce a superstructure in the NbSe ₂ host lattice, characterized by a moiré structure due to incommensurability between molecular and inorganic lattices. Thermal-quench measurements show that the transition is governed by slow order-disorder kinetics, contrasting with fast charge or magnetic ordering in inorganic solids. Our findings establish molecular ordering as a route for engineering heterointerfaces, enabling thermally programmable superstructures.