Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Integrated Dust–Gas Protection in Mining Environments: From Filtration Mechanisms to Multifunctional Design

Mining environments present complex respiratory hazards, including both respirable dust and toxic gases. Conventional protective materials typically address only one pollutant type, leaving a gap in integrated protection strategies. This review systematically examines the design of electrospun nanofibrous membranes for simultaneous dust filtration and gas removal. The discussion covers the fundamental mechanisms of particle capture and gas adsorption, the coupling effects between these two functions within a single membrane, and recent engineering strategies ranging from single-polymer systems to composite, hierarchical, and moisture-adaptive architectures. The integration of gas-removal functionalities is addressed through adsorptive materials, metal–organic frameworks for selective capture, photocatalytic degradation, and antimicrobial protection. The review concludes that integrated membrane design must move beyond single-function optimization toward balanced performance in particle capture, gas removal, airflow resistance, and environmental durability. Future progress depends on controlled spatial organization of functional components, humidity-resistant architectures, and standardized testing under realistic multicomponent exposure conditions.