Electrochemistry and Fundamentals of Aqueous Batteries

In aqueous batteries, electrons transfer through an external circuit while metal ions migrate through aqueous electrolytes between two electrodes. The performance of these batteries is largely determined by the electrochemical properties of electrode materials and the electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolytes. This chapter delves into electrochemical fundamentals and design principles, covering aspects such as electrode material chemistry, aqueous electrolyte behavior, cell architecture, and interfacial dynamics. Additionally, it discusses various types of reaction mechanisms and highlights the role of interface stability in overall battery performance. A detailed analysis of performance metrics is also presented to provide a solid foundation for understanding the operation and optimization of aqueous batteries. These insights are crucial for advancing the development of next-generation energy storage systems with improved safety, cost-efficiency, and sustainability.