Electrochemical Characterization of Recovered Lead from Lead–Acid Battery Recycling Using Wet/Melt Quenching Method

In recent years, alternative recycling approaches such as melt quenching and electrochemical evaluation methods have been investigated to assess the quality and performance of recovered lead materials. In this study, several samples obtained from the recycling process were analyzed electrochemically. The objective was to compare their electrochemical parameters and identify the samples with better electrochemical performance. The main methods used in this paper are X-ray diffraction analysis and voltammetric investigations using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochemical characterization provides valuable information about the behavior of recycled lead materials. Parameters such as half-wave potential (E1/2), anodic current density (Ia), and solution or bulk resistance (Rb) are commonly used to evaluate electrochemical activity and conductivity. The electrochemical analysis reveals noticeable differences among the samples studied. The analysis of CV, LSV, and EIS indicates that the samples P2 (doped with CuO and Sb2O3) and P3N (doped with CaO/Fe2O3/Fe) exhibit the most favorable electrochemical behavior for lead acid battery applications, with the highest current response and smallest peak separation, suggesting efficient Pb/PbSO4 redox reactions and minimal polarization.