Effects of liraglutide on gut bacterial community dynamics

Liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, is used to induce weight loss. However, limited information exists on liraglutide’s effects on the gut bacterial community and their restoration after washout. We investigated liraglutide’s effect on the gut bacterial community in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and whether these changes persist after washout. Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice on high-fat (HFC) or low-fat (LFC) diets were monitored for 21 days. A subgroup of high-fat mice received daily liraglutide for 14 days (HFL), followed by a 7-day washout. Liraglutide induced significant weight loss by Day 4, which persisted during treatment and partially reversed post-treatment. For bacterial community analysis, 7.1 million 16S rRNA gene sequences were retrieved using Illumina paired-end sequencing. We observed distinct shifts in the gut bacterial community structure during liraglutide treatment, which mostly returned to baseline after the 7-day washout. Using Similarity Percentages analysis, 21 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified as major contributors. Nine ASVs, related to Lactobacillus gasseri , L. paragasseri , L. johnsonii , and Leptogranulimonas caecicola , significantly increased during treatment and declined post-washout. The remaining 12 ASVs, associated with protein- and carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria ( Romboutsia , Faecalicatena , and Oscillibacter ), decreased during treatment. Comparison across all groups identified 29 ASVs, clustering into seven phylogenetic groups, highlighting liraglutide’s enrichment of bile acid- and mucin-associated taxa and suppression of carbohydrate-fermentative genera. These findings demonstrate that liraglutide induces rapid, diet-dependent, yet reversible shifts in the gut microbiome, favoring lactic acid-producing bacteria while reducing fermentative taxa. Such microbial changes may contribute to liraglutide’s metabolic effects and provide insight into host-microbiome interactions in obesity treatment.