Effects of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury on Glial Cells in a Rat Model: A Systematic Review

This review summarizes the effects of heavy metals, including lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), on glial cells in experimental rat models. The analysis was based on scientific literature from the PubMed database, using keywords related to glial cells, lead, mercury, and cadmium, and rats. The reviewed studies included peer-reviewed original research articles and review papers in English. The reviewed literature highlights the mechanisms underlying heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity and their effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Exposure to Pb, Hg, and Cd was shown to influence glial cell function by promoting oxidative stress, increasing reactive oxygen species production, enhancing inflammatory responses, and disrupting blood–brain barrier integrity. These metals may also affect circadian regulation and alter melatonin distribution within the CNS. These changes contribute to morphological, physiological, and developmental alterations in glial cells. The findings indicate that glial cells represent a valuable model for investigating metal-induced cytotoxicity and neurotoxic mechanisms. Rat strains such as Sprague–Dawley and Wistar are widely used experimental models for studying CNS alterations throughout different stages of development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and mitigate the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on the nervous system.