Effect of Vitamin D Administration on Inflammatory Markers and Neurological Function Outcomes in Head Injury Patients
Glen Sandi Sapaang, Putu Pramana Suarjaya, I. Wayan Niryana, Nyoman Golden
A
BSTRACT
Introduction:
Head injury is a global health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates. The neuroinflammatory process plays an important role in secondary brain injury and affects clinical outcomes. Vitamin D is known to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that may potentially improve this condition. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Vitamin D administration on inflammatory markers and cognitive function in head injury patients.
Methods:
This study was a single-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 40 patients with mild-to-moderate head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale: 13–15). Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups: a treatment group receiving standard therapy plus Vitamin D 1000 IU for 7 days and a control group receiving standard therapy alone. C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) levels were assessed on days 1 and 7, while cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment–Indonesian Version (MoCA-INA) on day 7. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Within-group changes from day 1 to day 7 were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Changes in inflammatory markers were calculated as Δ = day 7 − day 1 and compared between the treatment and control groups using the Mann–Whitney
Results:
A significant difference in changes in inflammatory markers from day 1 to day 7 was observed between the treatment and control groups. The mean change in CRP was −1.65 ± 2.94 in the treatment group versus 3.71 ± 7.59 in the control group (
Conclusion:
Vitamin D supplementation was associated with significant changes in inflammatory markers, including CRP, NLR, PLR, and MLR, from day 1 to day 7 in patients with mild-to-moderate head injury. However, no significant difference in short-term cognitive function measured by MoCA-INA was observed between the treatment and control groups.