Edible Seeds as Functional Foods in Menopausal Health: Bioactives, Mechanisms, and Nutritional Composition

A

BSTRACT

Menopause occurs when the body experiences a progressive decrease in estrogen production which results in various symptoms including hot flashes and changes in metabolism and urogenital function and an increased likelihood of developing cardiovascular and bone disorders. Women turn to food-based nonhormonal treatments because they have concerns about the safety of hormone therapy which stands as the most effective solution for treating menopausal symptoms. The bioactive compounds found in edible seeds include lignans and polyphenols and phytosterols and saponins and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) while phytoestrogens specifically attract attention because they show structural similarities with natural human estrogens and they can influence endocrine and metabolic and vascular and oxidative processes. The study results show that flaxseed lignans have weak estrogen effects which help improve lipid levels in the body, while fenugreek and Nigella sativa provide advantages for controlling blood sugar levels and treating hot flashes. Sesame lignans provide both antioxidative protection and metabolic advantages, while pumpkin seed oil promotes better blood vessel health and fennel functions as an estrogen-like compound in reproductive and urinary system tissues. The current research has fundamental limitations because it uses small study groups and tests which last for short periods and it shows different research methods. Menopausal women may benefit from edible seeds but establishment of effective treatment methods with proper dosage and safety over time requires large-scale clinical research which follows standardized procedures.